![]() ![]() The materials include clay and other shapeable materials. General gameplay Ī toguz korgool board with balls, KyrgyzstanĮquipment is typically a board, constructed of various materials, with a series of holes arranged in rows, usually two or four. The word mancala ( Arabic: مِنْقَلَة, romanized: minqalah) is a tool noun derived from an Arabic root naqala ( ن-ق-ل) meaning "to move". This distribution has been linked to migration routes, which may go back several hundred years. Recent studies of mancala rules have given insight into the distribution of mancala. Archeologists may have found evidence of the game Mancala played in Nashville, Tennessee at the Hermitage Plantation. The game was played by enslaved Africans to foster community and develop social skills. The game was brought to the Americas by enslaved Africans during the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Historians may have found evidence of Mancala in slave communities of the Americas. It is played to this day in Cape Verdean communities in New England. It is played on the Islands and was brought to the United States by Cape Verdean immigrants. In Cape Verde, mancala is known as "ouril". A traditional mancala game called Warra was still played in Louisiana in the early 20th century, and a commercial version called Kalah became popular in the 1940s. The United States has a larger mancala-playing population. ![]() In western Europe, it never caught on but was documented by Oxford University orientalist Thomas Hyde. Two mancala tables from the early 18th century are to be found in Weikersheim Castle in southern Germany. In Estonia, it was once very popular (see " Bohnenspiel"), and likewise in Bosnia (where it is called Ban-Ban and still played today), Serbia, and Greece ("Mandoli", Cyclades). The games existed in especially eastern Europe. Among other early evidence of the game are fragments of a pottery board and several rock cuts found in Aksumite areas in Matara (in Eritrea) and Yeha (in Ethiopia), which are dated by archaeologists to between the 6th and 7th centuries AD the game may have been mentioned by Giyorgis of Segla in his 14th century Geʽez text Mysteries of Heaven and Earth, where he refers to a game called qarqis, a term used in Geʽez to refer to both Gebet'a (mancala) and Sant'araz (modern sent'erazh, Ethiopian chess). Evidence of the game was also uncovered in Israel in the city of Gedera in an excavated Roman bathhouse where pottery boards and rock cuts were unearthed dating back to between the 2nd and 3rd century AD. However, the oldest Mancala boards were found in An Ghazal, Jordan in the floor of a Neolithic dwelling" as early as 5,870 to 240 BC. Ancient Mancala boards were found in Aksumite settlements in Matara, Eritrea, and Yeha, Ethiopia. A 10th century ivory board from Muslim SpainĪccording to the Savannah African Art Museum, "archeological and historical evidence dates Mancala to the year 700 AD in East Africa.
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